Collection Download Ebooks Best Seller Updated Daily

[booksz]

below here , this is a free ebooks search engine, the best free ebooks download library. It's the open directory for free ebooks and download links.

Updated daily for you .

[booksz]

Climate Changes Impacts on Aquatic Environment:
Assessment, Adaptation, Mitigation, and Road Map for Sustainable Development
English | 2025 | ISBN: 3031748964 | 484 Pages | PDF EPUB (True) | 19 MB

This book provides a detailed and a clear picture about the impact of climate changes on all aspects of our lives. The book will shed some lights on the challenges and obstacles that agricultural development in different countries are going through regarding the dimensions of food security due to climate change. The vulnerability of agricultural system will be discussed and the methods to adapt to some impacts of climate change will be projected. Some authors will focus on how Global Climate change may directly or indirectly affect the water cycle and, consequently, the quantity and quality of water resources needed to meet human and environmental demands. It can lead to recurrent floods and droughts, rising sea water levels with serious effect on coastal aquifers, and extreme water temperatures that can exacerbate many forms of water pollution. Water supply reliability, health, agriculture, energy, biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems will all suffer the impact of such challenges.The demand for water to meet these needs is also affected by climate change. Evidently, adopting a holistic water-energy-food nexus approach, while promoting the use of non-conventional water resources, can better support a transition to sustainability, a fact that should appeal to national interest and encourage governments, the private sector and civil society to engage. The results of the Climate changes conference; COP 27 that held in Sharm El-Sheikh in 2022, will be discussed in some chapters to illustrate the several efforts that have been taken by some countries to adapt to climate changes, including continuous breeding program to produce crops adapted to higher temperature, salinity, shorter in life cycle, and better in post-harvest and shelf life. The efforts to improve on farm water management and reduce water consumption in agriculture to increase water productivity will be discussed. Saving water from agriculture will be associated with saving fertilizers to control GHG emissions and could allow allocating water for land reclamation. Some Chapters aim at highlighting the impact of climate change on water resources depending on a clear understanding of how climate, fresh water, and biophysical and socio-economic systems are interconnected at the global and regional scales, meanwhile presenting state-of-the-art technologies and innovative/holistic solutions for adaptation and mitigation measures, and increasing the resilience of vulnerable communities to climate change, with the ultimate goal of achieving sustainable development towards "the future we want" while "leaving no one behind.

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/a050b30b86f141e01be582e8998363ac/cnvhn.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/397snbq6lhg7/cnvhn.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/ywwdcqlb16mk/cnvhn.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/BBpixyqWGo/cnvhn.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Vivian E. Thomson, "Climate of Capitulation: An Insider's Account of State Power in a Coal Nation"
English | 2017 | ISBN: 0262036347 | PDF | pages: 256 | 4.6 mb
Whowields power-and how-in environmental policy making at the state level, and how to fight ingrained favoritism toward coal and electric utilities. A rare insider's story.

Dr. Michael Mann, 2019 winner of the prestigious Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, calls Climate of Capitulation a "no-holds-barred exposé" and a "must-read."
2018 book award, PROSE competition (Honorable Mention, Government and Politics), a much-coveted recognition for "the very best in professional and scholarly publishing."
In Climate of Capitulation, Vivian Thomson offers an insider's account of how power is wielded at the state level when coal air pollution threatens people and ecosystems. Professor Thomson, a former member of Virginia's State Air Pollution Control Board, identifies a "climate of capitulation" in state government - a deeply rooted favoritism toward coal and electric utilities in states' air pollution policies.
Thomson illuminates overt and covert power struggles that involved a host of players, including Governor Tim Kaine, and she exposes the root causes of Virginia's climate of capitulation. Extending her analysis to fifteen other coal-dependent states, Thomson offers policy reforms aimed at mitigating ingrained biases toward coal and electric utilities in states' air pollution policy making.

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/83d82f7ea741250926fd2d30e1df73e0/1tdam.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/lr7tnf4cqgge/1tdam.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/ain18qtbbguf/1tdam.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/ipHEntcIIJ/1tdam.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Climate-smart Innovation: Social Entrepreneurship And Sustainable Development In The Environmental Economy
English | 2023 | ISBN: 9811264244 | 422 Pages | PDF (True) | 11 MB
This book studies smart green innovation through the prism of social entrepreneurship as a driver for sustainable development and the development of an environmental economy. It systematizes and analyzes the modern challenges of the environmental economy: climate change and environmental pollution. The tendencies and scenarios for the environmental economy are considered in the context of implementing the Sustainable Development Goals. Globalization and international trade are also considered factors in the sustainable development of the environmental economy. The book hones in on the international experience of ecological responsibility and fighting climate change through social entrepreneurship. The contribution of corporate responsibility in the fight against climate change is determined, and state regulation of corporate responsibility in the resource-based economies of developing countries is considered. The market mechanisms for stimulating the fight against climate change through social entrepreneurship in countries with developed environmental economies are also considered. The advantages of digitalization for fighting climate change through social entrepreneurship are offered. The book also reflects on the possibilities for the sustainable development of the environmental economy based on climate-smart innovation in social entrepreneurship. It presents a model of climate-smart enterprise and substantiates its advantages for corporate responsibility and sustainable development. The key climate-smart innovations in social entrepreneurship for sustainable development of the environmental economy-robots big data, AI, blockchain, and green finance-are determined. The book also develops policy recommendations to support climate-smart innovation in social entrepreneurship.

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/882606c695b5cf653578405b116a913b/eu2sz.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/ir7wfaeu5pe1/eu2sz.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/boryluqtd9l7/eu2sz.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/sEsK8V0bER/eu2sz.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Clinical Data Statistics on a Pocket Calculator: A Practical Guide
English | 2024 | ISBN: 8196906412 | 175 pages | EPUB | 0.99 Mb
"Clinical Data Statistics on a Pocket Calculator: A Practical Guide" is a user-friendly resource designed for individuals engaged in statistical data analysis within the clinical data domain. With a focus on practicality, the book demonstrates how to perform statistical analyses using a pocket calculator, making it accessible for clinicians and researchers without relying on complex statistical software. The emphasis on using a scientific pocket calculator adds a practical dimension to the statistical analysis of clinical data, providing a handy guide for those in healthcare and research fields who prefer a more portable and straightforward approach to statistical calculations.

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/8e3df4bfe84396f5ee11300870afe185/jc9ak.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/vmb9ib5bteb7/jc9ak.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/hzbj8xs6wig6/jc9ak.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/BTepVLXT1x/jc9ak.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Clinical Echocardiography Review: A Self-assessment Tool
English | 2017 | ISBN: 1451195370 | 1085 Pages | PDF | 34 MB
Perfect for exam review or clinical practice, Clinical Echocardiography Review: A Self-Assessment Tool, Second Edition features over 1100 self-assessment questions to keep you up to date with the latest advances and clinical applications in the field. Written by national and international experts from the Cleveland Clinic and other leading institutions, this best-selling review tool offers a self-paced, highly effective way to assess and expand your knowledge of echocardiography and improve comprehension and retention of vital information. Key Features:* Over 1100 self-assessment questions with answers, many based on interpretation of sample images, make this the largest question-and-answer review in echocardiography.* Over 340 online video clips enable readers to review real-life case studies to build knowledge for exam prep and clinical use.* Fully updated throughout, with many new questions and answers, new images, and updated videos to keep you current.* Complete coverage includes basics such as physics, artifacts, M-mode and Doppler echocardiography; clinically oriented topics such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathies, and pericardial diseases; as well as dyssynchrony, 3D and strain evaluation and newer technologies such as LVAD and interventional echocardiography.* Focus on congenital heart disease helps improve clinical diagnosis of these abnormalities.* Special sections on valvular heart disease including prosthetic valves highlights the echocardiographic appearance of valve problems to speed diagnosis.* Emphasis is placed on diagnostic interpretation throughout, benefitting cardiologists, fellows, anesthesiologists, and sonographers at every level of expertise.Your book purchase includes a complimentary download of the enhanced eBook for iOS, Android, PC & Mac. Take advantage of these practical features that will improve your eBook experience:* The ability to download the eBook on multiple devices at one time - providing a seamless reading experience online or offline* Powerful search tools and smart navigation cross-links that allow you to search within this book, or across your entire library of VitalSource eBooks* Multiple viewing options that enable you to scale images and text to any size without losing page clarity as well as responsive design* The ability to highlight text and add notes with one click

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/0970f775bd42140b2069aa02965ad5e6/4e9k3.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/c8b396dy6p5k/4e9k3.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/zic4pgg315sg/4e9k3.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/HV4Jf27AlE/4e9k3.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Clinical Electrocardiography
English | 2015 | ISBN: 9814723258 | 146 Pages | PDF (True) | 34 MB
Since the publication of the 3rd Edition 17 years ago, progress has been truly remarkable in all areas of electrocardiography. Five of the seven chapters in this 4th Edition have been extensively revised. Out of the total of 125 ECGs, 65 are new. Each ECG is crisp and clear and all the abnormalities are highlighted by arrows for easy recognition and understanding. This book is the culmination of the author's 45 years of experience in the teaching of electrocardiography to coronary care unit nurses, medical undergraduates, postgraduates, interns, residents, senior residents and above. As the title of the book implies, the approach to the subject has been entirely from the viewpoint of a clinician. Hence, clinical-electrocardiographic correlations have been emphasized simply and succinctly throughout the text.

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/1c1797578261e8525ad7f357ded3d580/7p2zl.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/b8uegv6w8upy/7p2zl.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/7riwgci5ig08/7p2zl.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/mqPWdoJT3I/7p2zl.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Clinical Imaging Physics: Current and Emergency Practice
by Ehsan Samei
English | 2020 | ISBN: 1118753453 | 437 Pages | True EPUB | 34 MB

Clinical Medical Imaging Physics: Current and Emerging Practice is the first text of its kind-a comprehensive reference work covering all imaging modalities in use in clinical medicine today. Destined to become a classic in the field, this book provides state-of-practice descriptions for each imaging modality, followed by special sections on new and emerging applications, technologies, and practices.

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/3afce0d70f692a566b435061f7e8e6b3/rst6v.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/g57r6sihhkje/rst6v.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/rrdezoakafww/rst6v.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/Mn5sEEQJ41/rst6v.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Clinical Manual of Supportive Psychotherapy by Peter N. Novalis, Roger Peele, Victor Chavira
English | October 16, 2019 | ISBN: 1615371656 | 469 pages | PDF | 3.44 Mb
Updated for the first time since 1993 - and still the only comprehensive clinical guide to supportive psychotherapy - this new edition of Clinical Manual of Supportive Psychotherapy features updated and new chapters, vignettes, tables, and resources that reflect current best practices.

Where once it was reserved for use with severely impaired patients, supportive therapy has come to be recognized as the treatment of choice for many patients, and supportive techniques underpin a great many other psychotherapies.
As a result, the academic literature, both on specific populations and on technical issues, has mushroomed. In this manual, the authors - all of them practicing mental health clinicians - distill the most relevant information that nonpsychiatric physicians, psychiatric residents, and experienced psychiatrists and psychotherapists need to fully understand this specific modality.
The volume introduces, in Part I, readers to the history and evolution of the use of supportive therapy, examining both its principles and its techniques. It then applies, in Part II, the approach to a range of disorders, including schizophrenia and hallucinations, mood disorders, personality disorders, and - new to this edition - anxiety and co-occurring disorders.
Part III covers interactions and special settings, discussing applying supportive techniques with medically ill patients and older patients, including tackling issues such as social and financial barriers to seeking treatment in the case of the latter. Also included in this part are new chapters on interactions and special settings, including practicing in detention and correctional centers and the special needs of therapists in public institutions, and updated chapters on community and family involvement and medication adherence and therapy interactions. A discussion of ethics - augmented with guidance on cultural and religious sensitivity - completes this most comprehensive of guides.

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/a17efbe3e4d0631c6d30af2b74befab2/jp98b.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/mx52aqfmo5av/jp98b.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/s47i17azqx9u/jp98b.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/NNEQ36LH6A/jp98b.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Jonathan S. Abramowitz, Mitchell Prinstein, Timothy Trull , "Clinical Psychology: A Scientific, Multicultural, and Life-Span Perspective, 9th Edition"
English | ISBN: 1319442889 | 2023 | 512 pages | PDF | 73 MB
This is the ideal textbook for introducing undergraduates to Clinical Psychology. Focussed on the field's professional issues and ethics, research methods, and evidence-based approaches to assessment.and intervention this title provides a comprehensive foundation for students. It does this with the critical backdrop of cultural sensitivity and a life-span perspective ensuring diversity of content and examples. With integrated case studies and outstanding pedagogy this title helps students to understand the work of psychologists whilst remaining mindful of the experiences of clients.

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/267d68f95ccee5dd40e2751939178115/61ktr.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/vwblgj8eccq8/61ktr.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/4fsq00pm2339/61ktr.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/eIMndO9MHF/61ktr.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Clinical Therapy Research In The Inflammatory Diseases
English | 2016 | ISBN: 9814656321 | 396 Pages | PDF (True) | 20 MB
This unique textbook provides information on the dramatic advances taking place in the field of inflammatory (autoimmune) diseases and their therapies. Experts in many different medical fields - allergology, dermatology, gastroenterology, pulmonology, rheumatology etc. - will describe the advances in our understanding of the most important inflammatory diseases linking basic science discoveries to the advances in therapeutics that have taken place over the past years and foreshadow even more dramatic changes which will occur in the years to come. This is a truly multi-specialty bench-to-bedside textbook that will enable readers to gain a wide-ranging but also solidly built understanding of the therapeutic areas of inflammatory diseases.

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/0a10d11b2343bd804db3d2d622757da0/0kmr9.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/kb5svgo6ysvp/0kmr9.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/s33mhgxzdwp2/0kmr9.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/jZFIE8WDXY/0kmr9.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Clockwork Game Design by Keith Burgun
English | December 24, 2024 | ISBN: 1032771577 | 162 pages | MOBI | 3.37 Mb
By finding and building around a strong core mechanism, we can access new levels of elegance and discover fresh new ideas in our game designs.

Clockwork Game Design is a functional and directly applicable theory for game design, particularly focusing on strategic and tactical games, but also more broadly applicable to many kinds of games. It details the Clockwork Game Design pattern, which focuses on building around a fundamental core functionality. You can then use this understanding to build a system of tools that helps a designer refine their rulesets. A game can achieve clarity of purpose by starting with a strong core, then removing elements that conflict with that core while also adding elements that support it.
The Second Edition is filled with examples and exercises detailing how to put the clockwork game design pattern into use, this book is a helpful tool in the toolbox of game designers.
Key Features:A hands-on, practical book that outlines a very specific approach to designing gamesDevelop the mechanics that make your game great, and limit or remove factors that disrupt the core conceptPractice designing games through the featured exercises and illustrations

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/7f14c11cf0c150b35008d344a57a35a5/z29s0.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/cdscz6p3tgdp/z29s0.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/rvphftpaj5r7/z29s0.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/WZn1qUpw93/z29s0.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Close the Gap & Get Your Share: How Immigrants and Their Families Can Build and Protect Generational Wealth in the US by Julio Cacho, Cole Conkling, Juan Carlos Herrera
English | August 1, 2023 | ISBN: 1637743947 | 288 pages | PDF | 5.55 Mb
For immigrants, their descendants, and anyone else looking to learn the unbiased truth about investing, Close the Gap & Get Your Share is a step-by-step guide to generating and passing on wealth in the US.

Despite the American Dream's promises of prosperity and security, many immigrants still discover a seemingly insurmountable wealth gap upon their arrival to the United States. From Dr. Julio Cacho, Cole Conkling, and Juan Carlos Herrera, managing directors of Inscription Capital, Close the Gap & Get Your Share is a crucial resource that explains US-based investing in a way that makes sense to immigrants (as well as novice investors) and allows them to attain financial prosperity-without jeopardizing their families' existing resources.
This book does away with the usual Wall Street practice of overcomplicating investment advice in favor of fact-based, straightforward strategies that put the reader's financial well-being first.
Drawing on the authors' combined four decades of investment experience, Close the Gap & Get Your Share teaches immigrants and their families how to:
Overcome hidden and unnecessary risks common for immigrants and novice investors
Invest in practice, including how to properly balance risk and return
Recognize and understand behavioral biases and overcome them to achieve long-term financial security
For all generations of immigrants and non-immigrants alike motivated to grow their wealth and pass it on, Close the Gap & Get Your Share is a robust guide to closing the ever-growing wealth gap with accessible and distilled financial literacy and strategy.

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/750365c552b7f149d0ed029c38282fcb/zyr2z.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/stxes05kfb6y/zyr2z.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/jcu02g0yasn5/zyr2z.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/8GR4NPOSwc/zyr2z.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Geoffrey C. Ward, "Closest Companion: The Unknown Story of the Intimate Friendship Between Franklin Roosevelt and Margaret Suckley"
English | ISBN: 1439103143 | 2009 | 464 pages | AZW3 | 4 MB
For the first time in paperback, the highly acclaimed, remarkably intimate, and surprisingly revealing secret diary of the woman who spent more private time with FDR than any other person during his years in the White house. At once a love story and a major contribution to history, it offers dramatic new insights into FDR-both the man and the president.

* Bestselling author: Geoffrey C. Ward is an award-winning biographer of FDR and the bestselling coauthor of many books with Ken Burns, including The Civil War and Baseball.
* Widely acclaimed: "A fascinating, very personal view of the man and his life" (USA TODAY). "A remarkable portrait" (The Washington Post). "A new mirror on Roosevelt" (The New York Times). "engrossing" (The New York Review of Books).
* Intimate portrait of a president: FDR trusted Margaret "Daisy" Suckley completely-she was allowed to photograph him in his wheelchair, was privy to wartime secrets, and documented his failing health in great detail.
* Major contribution to history: Daisy's diary offers unique insights into FDR's relationship with Winston Churchill and other wartime leaders, his decision to run for an unprecedented fourth term, and his hopes for the postwar world.
Read more

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/df39d1fcafb852d4e8046e0277bfb2b5/zava7.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/8zpf6k21zeb1/zava7.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/mcqlkrbhowpr/zava7.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/Rv38Ki1FKG/zava7.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Cloud and Distributed Computing: Algorithms and Systems by Rajiv Misra
English | 2021 | ISBN: 8126520272 | 458 pages | PDF | 20 Mb
Cloud and Distributed Algorithms and Systems aims to make readers and researchers understand the internals of cloud computing and how concepts of distributed systems work inside clouds. The book also sensitizes readers in the area of modern cloud computing concepts known as cloud native computing for building software applications, such as, microservices and running them on a containerized and dynamically orchestrated platform using Docker and Kubernetes to redesign today's applications.

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/4f753019003869918850bfba07223a6e/u6al4.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/73sn5va14bfn/u6al4.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/gctbxp06v1at/u6al4.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/KACbJb8njX/u6al4.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction

[booksz]

Cloud Architecture Demystified: Understand how to design sustainable architectures in the world of Agile, DevOps, and Cloud (English Edition) by Keshri Asthana, Ankur Mittal
English | May 19, 2023 | ISBN: 9355518269 | 228 pages | MOBI | 1.80 Mb
Design, deploy, and manage cloud-based solutions that are secure, scalable, and cost-effective

Key Features
● Learn how to enable effective architectural decision-making and cloud deployment strategies within the context of Agile DevOps.
● Gain insights into unconventional principles and practices of architecture in the modern era.
● A comprehensive guide for CTOs and technology leaders to navigate the ever-evolving technology landscape.
Description
As more and more businesses move their operations to the cloud, understanding cloud architecture becomes crucial for anyone involved in IT, software development, or data management. If you want to leverage the power of the cloud to deliver efficient and resilient services, then this book is for you.
This book is a comprehensive guide that will help you with the knowledge and insights to successfully navigate the challenges of Agile development and cloud computing. With its practical advice and in-depth analysis, this book offers a deep understanding of key topics such as multi-cloud adoption, cloud deployment costs, security considerations, availability and disaster recovery, and the integration of Agile methodologies with cloud architecture. It also explores the traits of a good cloud solution architect, the importance of treating data and databases separately, and the impact of public cloud on software architecture.
Whether you're a seasoned architect or new to cloud solutions, this book provides valuable guidance for designing robust and effective cloud-based systems.
What you will learn
● Gain insights into assessing various aspects while designing cloud deployments.
● Understand the intersection of Agile methodologies, DevOps practices, and cloud computing.
● Understand the importance of adopting a design-first mindset.
● Understand how Agile principles and practices impact software architecture.
● Discover how architects can effectively drive positive change within organizations.
Who this book is for
The book is for CTOs who are responsible for making strategic decisions regarding cloud adoption and infrastructure. Cloud architects, infrastructure architects, and DevOps architects who are involved in designing and implementing cloud architectures will find this book helpful.
Table of Contents
1. Ambivalence of Multi-Cloud
2. Cloud Deployment Costs
3. Security Sense of Cloud
4. Availability and Disaster Recovery
5. Cloud, Agile and Software Development Life Cycle
6. Retrofitting Cloud Services Accurately
7. Design First then Code
8. Infra Team and Apps Team Becomes DevOps Team
9. Traits of Being a Good Cloud Solution Architect
10. Treat Data and Database Separately
11. Frozen Architecture is Obsolete Architecture
12. What Exactly is Software Architecture?

Rapidgator
https://rg.to/file/8a07fd430ceae90ecc2ee359eca9c359/v4x3x.7z.html
TakeFile
https://takefile.link/26t75pd9br8h/v4x3x.7z.html
Fileaxa
https://fileaxa.com/uuyhkwhcvxnc/v4x3x.7z
Fikper
https://fikper.com/BoRuMZfdRR/v4x3x.7z.html

Links are Interchangeable - Single Extraction